Did all of the Israelites commit immorality at the golden calf?
No. Scripture indicates only some of the Israelites committed immorality at the golden calf. Paul, referring to the event, says some of them committed, not all, and about twenty-three thousand fell in one day. The 3,000 executed by Levi were the guilty men, not the entire nation.
Les explains that immorality was present at the golden calf and God hated it, but not all Israelites committed it. The Levites acted on Moses’ word and put to death those they knew were guilty, about three thousand men that day, not counting women. Paul, referring to the same event in 1 Corinthians 10:8, says 'as some of them committed' immorality and twenty-three thousand fell in one day. Scoffers claim the numbers contradict, but Paul specifies 'some,' not all.
Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them committed, and fell in one day three and twenty thousand.