Who were the main participants in worshiping the Queen of heaven in Jeremiah 44:19?

In Jeremiah 44:19, the women of Judah were the main participants in worshiping the Queen of heaven. They burned incense, poured out drink offerings, and made cakes to worship her, doing so without their men. The passage identifies the women as the primary culprits in this idolatrous worship.

Les explains that in Jeremiah 44:19 the Jews were speaking back to Jeremiah, admitting they had burned incense to the Queen of heaven, poured out drink offerings, and made cakes to worship her, and they did it 'without our men.' He notes the women were the primary culprits. He also reminds that this Queen of heaven was one of the primary goddesses of mythology. Then in verse 20 Jeremiah addressed all the people, the men and the women, and all who had given that answer, saying the incense burned in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem involved them, their fathers, kings, princes, and the people of the land. Les points out how far pagan worship had penetrated the Jewish or Israeli community.

Jeremiah 44:19

And when we burned incense to the queen of heaven, and poured out drink offerings unto her, did we make her cakes to worship her, and pour out drink offerings unto her, without our men?

Who was primarily responsible for the idol worship in Jeremiah 44:19?

The women of Judah were primarily responsible for the idol worship in Jeremiah 44:19, particularly burning incense, making cakes, and pouring drink offerings to the Queen of heaven. The text states they did this 'without our men,' meaning the women were the primary culprits in this pagan worship.