Were the plagues of Egypt sent on the Israelites in Goshen?

No. Israel was isolated in Goshen from the plagues. After the third plague, God put a line between Israel and Egypt, and none of the plagues entered Goshen. Israel was insulated from them all. Therefore, the plagues fell on Egypt but not on the Israelites dwelling in Goshen.

Les explains that this pattern connects Exodus and Revelation. Just as Israel was isolated in Goshen from the plagues, after the third plague God said He would put a line between Israel and Egypt, and none of the plagues went into Goshen; Israel was insulated from them all. Likewise, the escaping Jewish remnant will be providentially protected for the last three and a half years while the ravages of the tribulation tear all around them and the world comes under it.

Exodus 8:22

And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.

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Why does the Bible connect the Exodus plagues with the tribulation and the fleeing remnant?

The connection shows God's pattern of preserving His people during judgment. In Exodus, Israel in Goshen was insulated after the third plague, with a line between Egypt and Goshen so none of the plagues entered. Likewise, the fleeing Jewish remnant is providentially protected in the wilderness for three and a half years while tribulation ravages the world.