Why were Ishmael and Esau outside the covenant promises even though they descended from Abraham?
Romans 9 distinguishes physical descent from spiritual promise. Ishmael and Esau were Abraham's genetic children, but the covenant promises were not reckoned through them. The promised line continued through Isaac and Jacob, and ultimately the seed is Christ. Covenant participation is by faith, not genealogy.
Les explains from Romans 9 that not all who are of Abraham are the seed of promise. Ishmael had offspring, and Esau also had offspring; even though genetically they were children of Abraham, he was their father, yet spiritually speaking they were outside the covenant promises. That promise could only go to the offspring of Isaac and Jacob and down that family tree, so all these others are left out. Later, Israel became puffed up and arrogant, thinking that because they were the children of the covenant, the prophets, and the promises, they had nothing to worry about. Paul blows them out of the saddle: they will not enter God's promises simply because they have the right genealogy; they still must enter in by faith. Romans 9:7 says, "neither because they are the seed of Abraham are they all children." Ishmael's offspring and Esau's offspring were children of Abraham, but not according to the promises, because it is in Isaac that the seed should be called, and that seed refers to Christ.
Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called.
See the restMore Questions
Why are not all of Abraham's descendants counted as the seed of promise?
Not all of Abraham's descendants are the seed of promise: Ishmael's and Esau's descendants were genetically children of Abraham with Abraham as their father, yet spiritually they stand outside the covenant promises.
Why aren't all of Abraham's descendants the children of promise in Romans 9?
In Romans 9, not all who are of Abraham are the seed of promise: Ishmael's offspring and Esau's offspring were children of Abraham, but not children according to the promises.
Are all the children of Abraham children of the promise?
Not all the children of Abraham are children of the promise; only those who came through Isaac and Jacob and the twelve tribes are.